Program
Overview on implantable prostheses with the definition of their specifications in terms of anatomical, functional. biological and surgical compatibility. The main technological solutions for heart valve prostheses, vascular prostheses, joint prostheses, fracture management devices, dental implants. The design path for endoprostheses includes: definition of functional requirements, technological solutions, material selection, prototyping, preclinical evaluation, experimental tests, certification.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Characteristics and architectures of biomedical electronic instrumentation. Devices based on analog and digital signals. Analog active filters, electrical protection and isolation circuits. Analog signal processing. AD-DA converters, FPGA, microprocessors, microcontrollers and DSPs. Development tools and embedded operating systems. Architectures for the real-time processing and the DSP. Power electronics for power supply and for driving actuators. Data transmission systems: encoding, bandwidth requirements and communication channels. Computers networks architectures and protocols and the ISO/OSI model. Presentation of the most widely used data transmission protocols in biomedical instrumentation. Telemetry and wireless data communication. Study and design of few biomedical devices: vital functions monitors in the intensive care, mechanical ventilators, ultra-sound scanners, electro-surgery and thermo-ablation. Analysis Laboratory. Electrophoresis: physical principles and instrumentation. Emission and absorbance spectrophotometry. Photomultipliers. Optical fibres and their applications in medicine. Diagnostic imaging systems. Thermography: principles and techniques. Echography: principles, techniques and visualization modes. Piezoelectric devices and echo probes. Applications in surgery and radiotherapy. Application in surgery and radiotherapy: Image Guided Surgery,electro-surgery and thermo-ablation. Computer Aided Radiotherapy.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Recall general signal processing aspects, introduce new methods and examine various clinical and research application fields. Methods. From deterministic to stochastic filtering: the Wiener filter. Stochastic parametric analysis: mono and multi-variate AR/MA/ARMA models and parametric spectral analysis. Principal component analysis. Entropy in signal processing. Applications. Automatic analysis and classification of the electrocardiographic signal (ECG). The autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular variability signals, and cardiorespiratory interactions. Foetal ECG signal. High resolution ECG and late ventricular potentials. The central nervous system: processing of the electroencephalographic signal (EEG).

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Sensors and their characteristics. Integrated and intelligent sensors. Special requirements for biomedical applications. Technologies for the construction of biosensors. Semiconductors. Realization of CMOS structures. Ceramic Technologies in Thick Film and Thin Film. Biosensors. Problems and new applications. Commercial devices and biomedical applications. The biological component. Transducers. Characteristics of biosensors. Biosensor applications. Biocompatibility of biosensors. MOSFET technology. ISFET. REFET. ENFET. IMFET. Models of CHEMFET. Sensors for DNA. Optical technologies. Micro-spectrometers. LAPS. Cells and biosensors. Models of BIOFET. Neurobioengineering. Neural biosensors. Neuron model. MEA. Recording simulation in microarray. Environmental, implantable and wearable sensors. MEMS. Manufacturing processes. MEMS for chemical analysis. Micropumps. Contributions of microtechnology and microfabrication. Photo MEA. The biosensor market. Economic aspects. Future perspectives.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Biological systems and their engineering description: the bioengineering approach and description of the link between structure and function in biological systems. Structures and biological materials: tissues, collagen and recruitment theory; mechanical characterization and breakage of biological materials. Stress-time employees: the viscoelastic behavior of the composite and two-phase materials. bone tissues: analysis of the mechanical behavior as a function of the composition and structure. The dynamic response and failure mechanisms healing and remodeling. Soft tissue: structure and mechanical behavior of the collagen-based tissue and proteoglycans such as tendons, ligaments and the dermis. The composite materials models of Maxwell and Voigt. Multiphase tissues: a cartilage models and applications, and intervertebral disc; theories of lubrication applied to the articular cartilage. The linear viscoelastic models of Maxwell, Voigt and Kelvin. vascular tissue architecture of the vessel wall, models for the calculation of the state of the vessels solicitation. active tissues: origin of contractility, the motor protein, the sarcomere, skeletal muscle, cardiac and smooth; the energetics of muscle contraction. Elements of fluid dynamics: viscosity; ideal fluids and viscous fluids; fluid compressible and incompressible fluids; laminar and turbulent flow; the Reynolds number and the number of Womersley; flow in ducts; Bernoulli’s equation; load losses; Poiseuille’s equation; characteristic curves of pumps and circuits; networks lumped. Navier-Stokes equations. Tissue fluids: blood rheology and synovial fluid.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
State of the art, open problems and advanced solutions related to the use of biomaterials (metals, polymers, ceramics and composites) for the manufacturing of biomedical implantable devices. The course considers the present biomaterials study and characterization techniques, and focuses on the role of biomaterials surface and interface with biological tissues, also considering the surface modification techniques. For any specific field of applications, reasons for success or failure of the device will be considered through case studies discussion, mainly analyzing the reasons connected with biomaterials.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Hints about anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. Energetics of the natural heart. Interactions between the cardiovascular and artificial systems. Haemolysis and coagulation. Biological and mechanical valvular prostheses. Pumps for intra- and extra-corporeal blood circulation. Artificial devices for blood oxygenation. Haemodialysis systems. Numerical exercises deal with the solution of design and setting of the studied systems. Laboratory activities are devoted to practical learning of systems and devices managing.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Fundamentals of cell biology. The cell, the cell cycle. Foundations of biochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins: DNA, RNA, proteins (structure and function). Fundamentals of molecular biology: gene, genetic code, genome, gene expression, gene regulation, protein synthesis. Heredity and variation, mutation, mono and multifactorial genetic diseases. Methods of study of the genome and the proteome. Genomic analysis: mapping, sequencing, techniques and related instrumentation, analysis of expression, classical techniques, cDNA microarrays, functional analysis in vivo and in vitro. Protein analysis: separative systems and mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics. Industrial application of biotechnology.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
Anatomical organization of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular physiology and modeling. Interaction between artificial devices and blood tissue. Energy of the natural heart. Control and regulation of the natural heart. Model of Guyton. Regulation of systemic and pulmonary circulation. Heart valves mechanics. Assessment of heart metabolism and the peripheral organs. Design specifications for internal artificial organs.

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Biomedical engineering notes

Program
General structure of neurosensory systems. Short introduction to the functional anatomy of the nervous system. Comparison of functional evaluation methods. Introduction to psychophysics. The auditory system. Sound and speech. The external and medial ear. Cochlea, basilar membrane, and ciliate cells. The spiral ganglion. Brain stem nuclei and auditory cortex. Auditory psychophysics and audiology. External and cochlear prostheses. The visual and oculomotor system. Photoreceptors. Extraction of contrast and movement characteristics in the retina. Lateral geniculate body. Structure of the primary and secondary visual cortex and visual feature extraction. Integration areas. Visual psychophysics. Chromatic theories. Visual illusions. Tridimensional and movement perception. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods in ophthalmology. Aids, substitutive prostheses and retinal implants. Somatosensory system: brief remarks on general structure and psychophysics. Taste and smell (brief remarks).

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Biomedical engineering notes